4.1 What are Adjectives?

An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. It gives more information about a noun’s quality, quantity, size, shape, color, or condition.

Examples:

• The red car is fast. (red describes the car’s color)
• She has beautiful handwriting. (beautiful describes handwriting)
• I bought three apples. (three tells the quantity of apples)

4.2 Types of Adjectives

1. Descriptive Adjectives

These describe the quality or state of a noun.

Examples:

• The delicious cake smelled amazing.
• She has a brilliant mind.

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2. Quantitative Adjectives

These show the amount or number of a noun.

Examples:

• I have some money.
• She gave me ten chocolates.

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3. Demonstrative Adjectives

These point out which noun is being referred to.

Examples:

• This book is mine.
• Those flowers are beautiful.

👉 Tip: Demonstrative adjectives are always followed by a noun.

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4. Possessive Adjectives

These show ownership or possession.

Examples:

• My bag is on the table.
• Their house is big.

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5. Interrogative Adjectives

These are used in questions.

Examples:

• Which movie do you want to watch?
• Whose book is this?

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6. Proper Adjectives

These are formed from proper nouns and always start with a capital letter.

Examples:

• I love Italian food.
• She bought a French perfume.

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7. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Adjectives can show comparison between two or more things.

Degree	Example
Positive (basic form)	This car is fast.
Comparative (compares two things)	This car is faster than that one.
Superlative (compares more than two things)	This is the fastest car in the race.

Rules for forming comparatives and superlatives:

• Short adjectives → Add -er and -est (e.g., small → smaller → smallest).
• Long adjectives → Use more and most (e.g., beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful).
• Irregular adjectives → Change completely (e.g., good → better → best).

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4.3 What Are Adverbs?

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It tells how, when, where, or to what extent something happens.

Examples:

• She quickly finished her work. (modifies the verb “finished”)
• The test was very difficult. (modifies the adjective “difficult”)
• He drives too fast. (modifies the adverb “fast”)

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4.4 Types of Adverbs

1. Adverbs of Manner (How?)

These describe how an action happens.

Examples:

• She sang beautifully.
• He speaks loudly.

👉 Tip: Many adverbs of manner end in -ly (slowly, happily, carefully), but some do not (fast, hard, well).

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2. Adverbs of Place (Where?)

These tell where something happens.

Examples:

• He looked everywhere.
• Come inside.

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3. Adverbs of Time (When?)

These tell when or for how long an action happens.

Examples:

• I will call you tomorrow.
• We waited for hours.

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4. Adverbs of Frequency (How often?)

These tell how often something happens.

Adverb	Frequency
Always	100%
Usually	80-90%
Often	60-70%
Sometimes	40-50%
Rarely	10-20%
Never	0%

Examples:

• She always wakes up early.
• I rarely eat junk food.

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5. Adverbs of Degree (To what extent?)

These describe the intensity of an action or adjective.

Examples:

• The movie was very interesting.
• He is too tired.

Adverb	Meaning	Example
Very	High intensity	She is very happy.
Too	Excessive	It’s too hot today.
Quite	Moderately	The book is quite good.
Almost	Nearly	I am almost done.

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6. Interrogative Adverbs

These are used in questions.

Examples:

• How did you do that?
• Where are you going?
• Why are you late?

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7. Comparative and Superlative Adverbs

Adverbs can also show comparison like adjectives.

Degree	Example
Positive	She runs fast.
Comparative	She runs faster than me.
Superlative	She runs the fastest in school.

Exercises

A. Identify the adjectives in these sentences:

1. The blue sky looks beautiful.
2. She is a kind person.
3. I bought three apples.
4. He is the smartest student in class.
5. We had an exciting adventure.

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative or superlative form:

1. This book is (interesting) __________ than that one.
2. She is the (tall) __________ girl in the room.
3. My house is (big) __________ than yours.
4. That was the (bad) __________ day of my life.
5. He is (strong) __________ than his brother.

C. Identify the adverbs in these sentences and their type:

1. She spoke softly.
2. I will visit you tomorrow.
3. He always arrives on time.
4. She ran very quickly.
5. Where did you go?

D. Choose the correct adverb:

1. She drives (careful / carefully).
2. He works (hard / hardly).
3. I am (too / very) tired to walk.
4. The weather is (quite / very) pleasant.
5. We will leave (now / where).

Answers

A. Identify the adjectives:

1. blue, beautiful
2. kind
3. three
4. smartest
5. exciting

B. Fill in the blanks:

1. more interesting
2. tallest
3. bigger
4. worst
5. stronger

C. Identify the adverbs:

1. softly (adverb of manner)
2. tomorrow (adverb of time)
3. always (adverb of frequency)
4. very, quickly (adverb of degree, adverb of manner)
5. where (interrogative adverb)

D. Choose the correct adverb:

1. carefully
2. hard
3. too
4. quite
5. now